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DOCUMENTS. 

I. With Walker in Nicaragua. The Reminis- 

cences of Elleanore (Callaghan) Ratterman. 

II. Walker-Heiss Papers. Some Diplomatic 

Correspondence of the Walker Regime in 
Nicaragua. 

With Introduction and Notes By 
WILLIAM O. SCROGGS 

(Reprinted from the Tennessee Historical Magazine, December, 1915} 





DOCUMENTS. 
I. 

With Walker in Nicaragua. The Reminiscences of 
Elleanore (Callaghan) Ratterman. 

(Reprinted from the Tennessee Historical Magazine, December, 1915.) 



[For permission to reproduce that part of the narrative of Mrs. 
Ratterman which is of historical importance in connection with the ac- 
tivities of William Walker, the Magazine is indebted to the members of 
Mrs. Ratterman's family now resident in Nashville, especially to Mrs. 
Thomas J. Tyne and Mrs. W. B. Ratterman. The original manuscript 
which is understood to have been in the form of a diary, has been mis- 
placed and the text here printed reproduces a typewritten copy compiled 
some years ago. This copy has been followed literally, with no change 
other than the supplying in brackets of a letter or word obviously dropped 
out. The mistakes of the typewritten copy, which are frequent, are cor- 
rected, in important cases, in the notes. 

Extensive extracts from this document were published in the "Woman's 
Edition" of the Nashville Banner in the number for Saturday evening, 
October 12, 1912. But this reproduction omitted a great deal of the paper 
and much was compressed and modified. 

For the introduction and notes the Magazine is under obligation 
to Dr. William O. Scroggs, Professor of Economics and Sociology in the 
Louisiana State University, the author of a Life of William Walker to 
be published in the near future. Dr. Scroggs's intimate acquaintance 
with the material bearing upon Walker's career has made it possible for 
him to contribute the explanations and comments, which greatly increase 
the value of the document.] — Ed. 

INTRODUCTION. 



The following narrative, written by Mrs. Elleanore Rat- 
terman, nee Callaghan, after her return from a sojourn of 
four years in Nicaragua, contains an interesting account of 
affairs in that country after its invasion by William Walker, 
the noted filibuster. This remarkable man, who plays the 
leading role in Mrs. Ratterman's story, was born in Nash- 
ville on May 8, 1824. His father, James Walker, was a 
Scotchman who had settled in Nashville in 1820 and had 
married Mary Norvell, of Kentucky. There were three 
other children, Norvell, James, and Alice. William Walker 
graduated from the University of Nashville in 1838, and 
in 1843 received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the 
University of Pennsylvania. After two years of study and 
travel in Europe, he returned to Nashville with the inten- 
tion of following his profession in that city. Finding this 
vocation uncongenial, he next studied law and opened his 



4^, ^if-vivo. ^' 'j A^tn'i-iiii-M 



316 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

office for practice in New Orleans. Meeting with no success 
as a lawyer, he turned to journalism, and in 1848 became 
one of the editors of the New Orleans Crescent. Late 
in 1849 he severed his connection with this journal and in 
the following year migrated to San Francisco, where for a 
year he engaged in newspaper work. In 1851 he removed 
to Maryville and again took up the practice of law. Short- 
ly thereafter he conceived the plan of "colonizing" the 
Mexican states of Sonora and Lower California with Amer- 
icans, and in 1853 led a filibustering expedition into this 
region. He met with a series of misfortunes, however, and 
in May, 1854, was driven back across the American border. 

Undaunted by this failure. Walker soon turned his at- 
tention to Nicaragua, where a revolution was in progress. 
The leader of one of the revolutionary parties invited him 
to bring a company of American "colonists" to that coun- 
try. The "colonists" were to have the privilege of bearing 
arms and were to receive grants of land for such services 
as they might render the government. On May 4, 1855, 
Walker set sail from San Francisco with fifty-eight fol- 
lowers. Reinforcements were sent in large numbers by 
his associates in San Francisco, and in October the filibust- 
ers and their native allies had brought the revolution to an 
end and set up a provisional government. Walker was 
made commander-in-chief under the new regime, and be- 
came therefore the real head of the State. The news of 
his success caused adventurers from the United States to 
join his army in such large numbers that many of the na- 
tive leaders became alarmed and fled to the neighboring 
republics, where they succeeded in effecting a coalition of 
the Central American States against the ftlibusteros. In 
the meantime, Walker, perceiving the growing disaffection, 
took the bold step of having himself chosen President of 
Nicaragua by the votes of his soldiers, who were mainly 
Americans. 

This was the situation when Miss Callaghan, the author 
of the narrative, arrived at Walker's headquarters in the 
city of Granada. Her first reference to Walker shows him 
at war with the Central American allies. 

W. 0. SCROGGS. 

A Short Sketch of My Life for the Last Four Years in 
Nicaragua. 

In the year of our Lord 1856, the 4th day of April, My Sister and 
her husband and child, Brother and self and a little slave boy. left Council 
Bluffs, Iowa, to emigrate to Nicaragua, then the rendezvous of all classes 



WITH WALKER IN NICARAGUA 317 

of speculators : On the 7th day of May we embarked at New Orleans 
on a small schooner, (called the Minnie Schiffer) in company with 
about 150 men, soldiers who, were going to join their fortunes with Genl 
Wm Walker's, to Americanize, that garden of the world : — Also there 
were about six families going to colonize — from the great inducements 
held out to foreigners, by the President, Patricis^ Rivas — On the 28th 
of May we landed at Greytown, under the guns of a English Man of 
War called the "Everydice,"" whose officers came aboard to see if there 
were any "fililjusters," and if so, to prevent their landing. There was 
not a gun, nor a missile of war to be seen, and all and each were emi- 
grants. Without any delay they proceeded to Granada, on small River 
Steamer's belonging to the Transit Company, and reached that city about 
the first of June. All the families were taken with the "Fever" of that 
country, and about the 12 of July my niece died, a few days after my 
sister, and a short time after my brother in law. I was left entirely alone, 
with only my brother, and our slave f after trying to return home twice, 
I gave up to fate to await my destiny. Genl Walker was constantly en- 
gaged in skirmishes with the enemy,* , after he was elected President, 
which event took place on the 12th of July^ — his popularity with the native 
population decreased in a degree, as rapidly as it had increased tip to that 
time. The first great battle which took place after my arrival in Nicar- 
agua was on the 13th of October. 

Genl. W. left Granada for Masaga* about ten o'clock on the nth with 
every man that was able to walk that distance^ which is 12 miles, and left 
the garrison under the charge of Brigadier Genl Fry, which all told, 
counting the sick, and wounded, citizens, numbered about 150. Abouti 
o'clock the cry was the "Enemy is coming,"* when the rain came down in 
such torrents it seemed that the whole town was deluged, many of the 
citizens did not wish to go to the church, which was on the Plaza or 
Square, and if there was to be a pitched battle Genl W. was determined 
to keep the Square if every other point was taken. And when he left 
he gave such orders, that one and all had to be taken to the Church. The 
enemy was right in our midst, and we were fearful to leave our house, 
for fear of meeting them. However, we started, towards the Lake of 
Nic[aragua] which is about half a mile from the City of Granada, when 
some American, called to us for God sake to return and go to the Church as 
the enemy was waiting, in ambush, in case we went to the steamer, to 
attack us. We turned and advanced a few steps towards the Church 
when about 100 of those savages rushed from) their hiding places down 
another street, they intended to fall upon our party but as soon as one 
of their dusky forms were seen, there was volley after volley fired at them 
from the tower of the Church, until they all disappeared. — ^When at last 

iPatricio. 

^Eurydice. 

°As slavery had been abolished in Nicaragua since 1824, it is interesting to note 
that Miss Callahan retained possession of a negro slave in that country. On Septem- 
ber 22, 1856, Walker repealed the laws against slavery, but this was several months 
after the narrator had arrived in Nicaragua. 

*The enemy here referred to consisted of disaffected Nicaraguans and troops from 
San Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Costa Rica was invited to join this coali- 
tion and later did so. 

^The author has here confused the date of Walker's election with the date of 
his inaugural. He was elected — in form rather than in fact — on June 29, and was 
inaugurated on July 12. 

"Masaya. 

'When Walker advanced to attack Masaya he led a force of 800 men, the largest 
number he had ever commanded in battle. 

^During Walker's attack on Masaya a contingent of Guatemalans in the neighbor- 
ing village of Doriomo, instead of going to the support of their allies, took the road 
to Granada, expecting to find that city undefended. The small garrison of civil 
employes and hospital attendants sustained an attack of twenty-fouf hours before 
Walker returned and drove out the enemy. It is this attack on the city which is 
here described. 



318 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

we reached' the Church, everything was consternation and dismay, women 
and children shrieking, and screaming that all was lost, that if our General 
was here all would be safe. We fired a signal gun for the Genl to return, 
but he was very busy fighting, in Masaga,* and thought he could depend 
on the Citizens, who were fighting for their lives and interest, the 
welfare of their families, and well did they sustain the confidence placed 
in them by him. I who had never witnessed bloodshed was sickened by 
the sights I saw during the next 24 hours — Our citizens, and the sick 
soldiers were being constantly brought in wounded, the Ladies under- 
skirts, and other underclothes were torn in Bandages for the poor fel- 
lows, and if more was needed, it would have been given with a free 
heart — All day there was a constant firing kept up. We had nothing to 
eat — and when night came there was so much excitement, there was no 
need of sleep — the next day was a repitition of the same, only about 
twelve o'clock, some one of the soldiers saw a fine hog which he appro- 
priated to his. own use, therefore it became the Ladies to turn cook, a 
young lady and self got that honor of cooking the breakfast or dinner, 
which ever you might call it at one o'clock on Monday 14th of October. 
We all remained, in the Church till Friday morning when the cry was, 
that the Genl was coming. What hope, what enthusiasm, was expressed 
by all. He heard the signal gun and came to relieve us. As he was 
coming in the main entrance to Granada, the enemy was in ambush on 
both sides of the road. Genl W. was advised to alight, when his reply 
was "let the cowards" shoot the more balls that are thrown at me, the 
less will my men feel." After he arrived in the City, about a quarter 
of an hour, the Enemy retreated, and we were left to talk about the ex- 
citement. 

There was constant excitement and alarms, up the 25 of Nov when 
it was secretly whispered that Granada was to be evacuated and de- 
stroyed by fire." and the advice of all, was for the Lady's and children 
to embark on the Steamer, to leave G, for when the Natives, saw their 
City, their churches leveled to the ground, they would raise, and come 
down to G. prepared to fight, and to besiege us. Brother and I prepared 
everything our trunks and baggage and left in charge of our Brother in 
Law to send to us, to the Steamer." When the Steamer pulled up her 
anchor, and left for the Island of Ometepec a Volcanic island situated 
in the middle of Lake Nicaragua.^^ 

Genl W had passed a decree, that all should be taken there, and there 
remain, till he had fixed on his headquarters. Therefore I left G. with 
only the clothes I had on. When all had left Granada except 100 men 
and a few females, who were to embark at two o'clock as the steamer 
was lying at the wharf, when about twelve o'clock, 2000 of the Allied 
troops of Central America, marched in and cut the Americans off from 
the Steamer, placed themselves between the Lake and the main Square, 
where the Americans, at that time were, — The Steamer when she saw this, 
commenced firing, but being at such a distance could not effect what 



•Masaya. 

^'Walker had made Granada his headquarters for about thirteen, months, and* his 
occupation of the capital city gave him a kind of moral advantage in the eyes of the 
natives. The location, however, was exceedingly unhealthful, and when Costa Rica 
joined the hostile coalition in November, 1857, he found it necessary to evacuate the 
place for both strategic and sanitary reasons and occupy the more advantageously sit- 
uated towns of Rivas and Virgin Bay. 

"This sentence and the next are confused, probably because of defective punctua- 
tion in the copy. 

^"This island was thirteen miles from the mainland, and the non-combatants and 
sick and wounded placed there were safe from attack by the invaders. The Indians 
who lived on the island, however, resented the intrusion, as the narrative shows fur- 
ther on. 



WITH WALKER IN NICARAGUA 319 

she wished. Genl Hemmingsen" then comman[d]ed the American party 
and a better commander never could have been found. 

At the time that the enemy came in, there was about 7 men on the 
wharf." All were taken prisoners except one who swam to the Steamer, 
during which time many balls were fired at him, tho' he luckily escaped." 
When the Steamer saw there was no help, for the Americans, left her 
anchorage and went to Virgin Bay, Where our Genl then was, who im- 
mediately embarked and went to try to investigate the affairs, and to try 
to relieve them, but he could not effect a landing and he returned to 
await fresh recruits. Now to return to the besieged. At first they reveled 
in every luxury that could be found, they were extravagant in their 
liquor, in eating and every thing when at last they became so reduced 
for the want of provisions, and exposure, as they had no roof to pro- 
tect them from the rain, which at that time was very bad as it was the 
breaking up of the rainy season — they felt the change so quickly after en- 
joying every luxury then to be reduced to piece of mule meat about four 
inches square for twenty four hours — No salt, nor anything but mule 
meat, and coffee, that the handfull of men dwindled down to a mere 
nothing. They died, at the rate of three a day, and were buried about 
three yards from where the people eat, and slept, as it was dangerous 
to bury them any distance on account of the enemies , balls. At this 
time the balance of Walkers men were on Ometepee," where we ex- 
perienced a secon[d] siege. There was no provision, except plantain and 
Beef and those who had a little pocket change were fortunate, but other- 
wise suffered, living some of us in sheds with only the name of a roof 
over our heads no sides to the house. Myself and Brother found a 
Friend in a german Lady, who had five children, we shared her board 
and bed such as it was — the bed consisted of straw thrown on the ground 
and over that a quilt was laid, thereon eight in family slept, as the climate 
is such that thick covering was useless, we fared well. But oh ! the suf- 
fering I saw there, never can be realized again. Men dying in roads, 
every day the Ox Cart would hail at your door enquiring if any person 
dead was lodged within who wished to be buried. Once a Lady in com- 
pany with Self were walking towards the Lake, to see if we could see 
anything of the Steamer (as the suspense we were in was terrible, not 
knowing, what had become of the besieged, no communication between 
us) we saw a poor fellow lying on the ground in a dying state, lying 
in mud. — We went to him bathed his face and hands, and rubbed his 
throat with oil, to relieve his breathing, and placed him in a comfortable 
position, laying as he was on the ground. When as we concluded to 
proceed on our walk, he grasped our dresses and made signs to feel 
his pocket, but we felt a delicacy in so doing, and remained with him a 

^^Charles Frederick Henningsen, whom Walker charged with the destruction of 
Granada after its abandonment, was a soldier of fortune of world renown. A natiye 
of England, he had served under Don Carlos in Spain, in the Russian army in 
Circassia, and had gone to Hungary to aid that country in its struggle for inde- 
pendence; but finding the Hungarian cause already lost, he followed Kossuth to 
America and later joined Walker in Nicaragua. He attained the rank of brigadier- 
general in the Confederate army during the Civil War. Literature as well as military 
matters engaged his attention, and he has left several volumes of travel and reminis- 
cences which have substantial value. 

"The actual number was twenty-seven. 

i°The narrator has here confused two different events. The man who swam to the 
steamer was a young Hawaiian called "Kanaka John," who carried Walker a message in 
a bottle from Henningsen, and was not one of the besieged party on the wharf. One of 
the latter did escape, deserting to the enemy and showing them a way by which his 
former comrades might be attacked from the rear and exterminated. Me was a 
Venezuelan named Tejada, whom Walker had found in chains and set free when he 
entered Granada a year before. The filibuster's kindness was thus repaid with 
treachery. 

"Ometepec. 



320 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

few minutes longer, when we started, and in less than a half hour after 
he was dead, he was searched as is the rule, and in his pocket was $75> 
and letters to his wife, which I suppose he meant for us to take, so as it 
should not fall in the hands of those Robbers — as the officers under Genl 
W. was nothing else. Death had become so familiar, to me, that I could 
have no pleasure then to assist the dying, and to help bury the Dead — ■ 
It is so pleasant to know you have cheered or been of assistance to some 
poor unfortunate, it has paid me often for my lon[e]liness and misery, to 
think I have done some one good. The same evening or rather the 
next morning at three o'clock, the alarm near the church was given that 
the enemy were coming, as we were situated living between the Square 
and the Lake, we could not make our way to the garrison, therefore 
rushing from our beds — and catching what we could, we ran to the Lake, 
this German Lady and family, went also. When we reached there, there 
was a Barge filled with half full of water, but we all tumbled in pell-mell 
— above our waists in water, when the men had to bail it out with their 
hats and us Ladys assisted with our shoes — , there were a considerable 
numbers of others, one who happened to be officer he took command, 
there we were till day light broke, our anxiety being great about those 
who had been left there, also the dying. When it was day light we dis- 
covered the Steamer which then appeared as a speck on the horizon, until 
it gradually came in sight. The Genl was on his way to see the prospect 
of assisting the besieged, and mistook us for a party of the enemy, and 
had we not hoisted a shirt as a flag of truce, we would have been fired 
into and perhaps sunk to the bottom of the Lake. When the Genl saw 
our flag of truce he bore down to us — and had us all to come aboard and 
have refreshments, whilst he sent a Company of his men ashore to see 
if the danger was over, they returned, and said the enemy had retreated, 
and then he sent us ashore again but with the hope that he was going 
to liberate us in thirty-six hours, how anxiously did we all wait and look 
for the time to roll around. At about 24 hours afterwards we heard the 
shrill whistle of the Steamer. What joy, what hope, to each and all, at 
last about ten o'clock, at night the word was given that all was aboard, 
when the Steamer pulled up her Anchor and left, about ten minutes after 
our sailing, we observed the heavens glaring in a light, which was caused 
from all the baggage of the poor sufferers — being set on fire on the bank 
of lake Nicaragua, those who had saved some little from the fire of 
Granada was all now destroyed. 

The order from Genl W. was for all to be brought to San Jorge or 
George, then his headquarters, when we had just anchored, the Steamer 
San Carlos, hove in sight, and a short time after, she dropped her anchor, 
she had aboard about 150 men, recruits from N. G. N. O. and California, 
w'hich Genl. W. embarked on board the Steamer La Virgin, and at ten 
o'clock at night on the 15 of Dec 1856," he went to raise the siege of 
Granada, and succeeded. I have heard from those who were so unfortu- 
nate to be there, that after Gen. W. fired on the Enemy, and made them 
beat a retreat, that the thanks, the joy which was expressed on each 
countenance paid them for their trouble, and anxiety. Some died imme- 
diately from eating so much, after living about 15 days on a small bit of 
mule meat, without salt, without bread, they indulged too freely. Some 
of the men, when liquor, tobacco, cigars gave out, lived on opium, till it 
killed them." The greatest sight of misery of poverty was seen the 
morning when all came to San George. Mothers eagerly asking of some 
friend if her son was dead or living, with hope that he might be one of 

"The correct date is December 11. 

^^During the siege" of seventeen days 120 of those left in the city died of disease, 
134 were killed or wounded, two were captured, and forty deserted, bringing the 
total loss to 286 and leaving only 135 whole survivors. Many of these succumbed 
later as a result of their trying experiences. 



WITH WALKER IN NICARAGUA 321 

the few saved, and still fearful to hear the truth. Wives, and sisters 
inquiring also, with the same feeling of hope and fear. When I saw my 
Brother in Law I did not know him, he was so emaciated, at last the 
disease which he had contracted in the siege, terminated fatally on the 6 
of April 1857, the very anniversary which we had left Iowa the year be- 
fore. Therefore in the short space of 9 months I had seen three of the 
[«V] my family buried, all of my property, and health, clothes and every- 
thing gone, never to be recovered, as I then thought, not knowing what 
was to be my fate. 

On the 20 of Dec. the cry was that the Barricades in Rivas (a city 
built three miles inland from San Jorge) were so very high, that the 
whole town was surrounded by a walls of barricades.^'* Genl. W. sent 
out detached companys to see if there was really any danger if the enemy 
was there according ta( report, when about the 226. he gave orders for all 
to march to Rivas, which was to be his headquarters, for the present 
time ; — Miles and my Brother in law and self all were sick, but we con- 
trived to get to Rivas as well as we knew how. Mr. Tarbox rode on a 
Government wagon, and I walked the short distance of three miles which 
appeared to me the distance of 12 miles. 

We fared extremely well for the entire first two months There was 
constant attacks from the enemy, and false alarm.s, when at the dead 
hour of night we were forced to leave home and go to the strongest 
citadel or fortress, sometimes with nothing, sometimes perhaps, without 
shoes or stockings. I at last resorted to tliisi plan, which was not to un- 
dress, for near four months I did not know what it was to sleep un- 
dressed; — On the first of Feb.^" W. marched on the enemy, who had 
taken possession of San George. Three hundred of the enemy were 
killed, and only ten killed and wounded on our side, he gave them two 
other attacks, the last one on the 26 of March," on the 20 he was sur- 
rounded by them, so confined were we, that we could not even get plan- 
tains, our bread, which is of the same family as Bananas, except a great 
deal larger, that being the "pan del Pais" or bread of the country. Genl 
W, used it also, as his bread, on the 25 of March^^ we commenced eating 
mule meat — Coincident to this we were anxiously awaiting the arrival 
of Col Lockridge, with forces — ^but he, the black hearted villain, sold us, 
for the paltry sum of [ Y^ Reports every day was spread, about his 

coming, untill we had no hope ; and was awaiting with Christian sub- 
mission, our fate. We never knew till after the "Capitulation" what had 
become of himj, which was this.^ He had started up the River on one of 

"Rivas was a small town with thick-walled adobe houses, and had been barricaded 
and used as a fortress by the Costa Ricans in their invasion during the spring of 1856. 

2<>The correct date is February, 4. 

2iThe correct date is March 16. 

^^Other accounts give this date as March 27. At first mules were slaughtered at 
nifht and their meat mixed with that of a few beeves, so that the men for a short 
time did not suspect their change in diet. 

-^The sum is not given. 

^''Colonel S. A. Lockridge, of Kentucky, whom the narrator castigates so severely, 
had been in charge of recruiting for Walker in Texas and the Middle West, and late 
in 1856 he had gone to Nicaragua with nearly 300 recruits for Walker's service. On 
landing at Grey town he discovered that the steamers on the San Juan River and on 
Lake Nicaragua, which were the sole means of reaching Walker in the interior, had 
fallen into the hands of the Costa Ricans. He succeeded in recapturing several of the 
steamers, but was unable to force his way past Castillo Viejo, a fort on the river 
in the hands of the enemy, and returned to Greytown. On the return trip the boiler 
of the steamer Scott exploded, killing and injuring a number of officers and men. 
Fortunately, the accident occurred while the steamer was moored to the bank, and 
most of the men were ashore. The narrator's statement that "all were killed imme- 
diately or died shortly after" is incorrect. Among those who escaped was Walker's 
brother Norvell. Two of the officers who were iniured by the explosion have left 
accounts of this episode, and no one associated with Lockridge accused him of 
treachery, as does the author of this narrative. See the story of Marcellus French in 
Overland Monthly, n. s., XXL, 517-23; and of Charles W. Doubleday in his Remin- 
iscences of the "Filibuster" War in Nicaragua (New York, 1886). 



322 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

the little Steamers but sold us to the enemy, in this wise, he placed gun- 
powder in the wood to be used as firewood, and of course the poor fire- 
men, who worked their own death, did not know it, he and others who 
were his accomplices, did not go aboard. O ! no, their good for nothing 
carcass, was to[o] good to be blowed up with their victims. All were 
killed immediately or died a short time after. Genl W. was so anxiously- 
waiting for their assistance, to relieve us, from our unpleasant position, 
but his hopes were placed, in a man who was every way unworthy of the 
confidence of such a man as- the "eagle eyed man of destiny." 'The siege 
of Rivas was protracted from the 20 of March till the 25 of April, when 
hostilities were suspended, during that time they fired 200 cannon balls, 
each one weighing 24 lbs. Only three of our men were killed. About 
the 8 of April, myself, in company with two other Ladys, and my Brother 
(as my Brother in law had died on the 6th) were sitting near our front 
door, very busily engaged in a conversation, when each one of us and 
all were surprised to notice something Hke a flash of lightning directly 
opposite to us, but before either could speak the Ball struck the pavemend 
[sici and rebounded, took off half of a very large door, broke the back of a 
chair in which a Lady was sitting, broke open a trunk scattered the con- 
tents in the air, and then disappeared in a wall. All which transpired 
in one second, or quick as thought. A Spanish Lady who was present 
said "O ! Dios mitunieo."'' I was knocked on the floor in a kneeling posi- 
tion. You could not have told who or what color we had ever been. 
About the 15, I was cooking our supper about 5 oclock in the evening, 
when a ball came within three feet of my feet, in a place which I had 
stood a moment before, the fire was put out, all was completely covered 
with dirt as the houses are adobe, a kind of brick, made of straw and mud 
mixed and then well baked in the sun, each one is about 3 feet long by 
two wide, of course when it has been used for such a length of time, it 
becomes very dry. 

Genl W. expected, that on the nth of April that we would have a 
serious attack, as it was their feast day, and they claimed a victory 
gained by them over us on the nth preceding,^" and of course they were 
sure of conquering, every one was expecting it, when about 3 oclock in 
the morning, a signal from them was fired, when we were to be attacked 
on all sides, which if done would have compelled our few men to have 
yielded, (but as the American people, knows not the meaning of that 
word) owing to some misunderstanding we were attacked from only 
one point : — 300 of the Costa Ricans, entered the Square, took possession, 
of a building in which there was two lonely females who had been left 
widows about three months, one of the Ladys had two children, they 
broke open the door, and entered whether or no. Some said she had 
written to them, to come and gave her place as a place of rendezvous. 
Genl. W. sent them word the day before, to leave that house, as he ex- 
pected they would enter, PERHAPS, that building, her obstinancy in 
remain remaining lsic'\ gave room for persons to blame her. 

7 men were all that was defending or in the building. Genl W. had 
the cannon of 6 lb. balls placed directly opposite the house when some 
one of his officers remarked, that it was dangerous for the lives of the 
two Ladys, he replied, "Shall I endanger the lives of all of my men 
for the obstinacy of two women," No! He gave orders for a constant 
firing to be kept up, when our skirts came in requisition again as wadding 
for the cannon which we freely gave. Genl. had a few men only assisting 

^'Possibly "Dios mc twnibo" — "God has knocked me down;" or "Dios me tenga" — 
"God protect me." 

^''This is a reference to the so-called first battle of Rivas of April ii, 1856. The 
result of this engagement was indecisive, but both sides claimed a victory. 



WITH WALKER IN NICARAGUA 323 

him ill the cannonade, about 12 men. We at that time were at the Genl 
house for protection. We crawled along under the eves of the houses for 
;fea£r we should be seen, were in ear shot of the cannon, one of the 
Ladys in the house was wounded in the foot, the Dr. neglected to 
amputate immediately, and when he did, it caused her death, which 
was 13 of April. About 9 oclock the firing ceased. Genl had taken 
100 prisoners, and 3 officers : — and had sent 30 wounded ones to 
'heir camp, as he offered first, if they would exchange cattle for the 
prisoners, allowing ten head for each officer and one head for each 
man, he did not have sufficient food to feed his own men. (They 
would not ransom their prisoners) much less waste on these wounded. 
The wells in Rivas were filled with their dead bodies so much so, 
we feared to drink the waters. 

The enemy constantly kept up firing their missiles _ of death and 
we had always to send a armed force to the plantain patches for 
protection to those, who went to bring the Plantains but after while 
they became to be attacked so frequently that it was even dangerous 
for them to go for our bread. 

On the evening of the 26 of April, there was a dead silence reigning 
around everything, when we saw a native enter with a flag of truce, pro- 
ceed on to the Genl. quarters a few moments after we saw him return, and 
in about half a hour after St Hustin"' of the U. S. Brig. St Mary^_ came in 
to see if the Gen would give permission for the Ladies and children to 
go to San Juan del Sur, to be under the protection of our flag. Cap 
Davis^ had heard that W was going to leave Rivas with his few well men, 
and the women children and sick men would get out the best way pos- 
sible. I firmly believe that this report was basely false. Capt D. knew 
the character of these savages, and thought if such is the case I vrili 
provide for the helpless. Genl W. gave his consent, and about sundovra 
there was an order issued, for us all to be ready, by nine oclock the fol- 
lowing evening, to leave for San Juan. Some were willing to leave and 
others did not wish to go, I for one. I had seen all go, and I felt as if I 
wanted to remain with my brother but that was contrary to order, and 
if permitted for one would be looked for for others. At first the word 
was that we all had to walk to San Juan a distance of about 21 miles, 
I left as much I could in the clothes line, and what I thought would 
be absolutely necessary and no more When at last we got to the enemys 
camp, we heard the proyision was made. Some of us had to ride over 
others went in a wagon, as there were so many that we had to take it 
by turns, to the village of St. George a distance of three miles, there to 
wait till morning and all go, together, in two very large wagons — The 
firing had ceased for 36 hours, or from the time St H^ entered the city 
until we left the camp. To see those people enjoying everything in the 
line of victuals and luxuries, such as tobacco, cigars and liquor made 
me feel so bad to think that our race was absolutely starving, and were 
almost crazed, for the loss of tobacco and this race of Mestigs or negroes 
to be enjoying these pleasures it made me feel indignant, And they ex- 
ercised so much inquisitiveness to find out W's real position, but we all 
were political we told them, in such a manner as to make them clasp their 
hands, and make sign of the cross, a mark of utter astonishment and 
wonder When at last we arrived in San Juan,^^ we all were rejoiced, and 

2'Lt. [Lieutenant] Huston. 

285t Mary's. 

^Commander Charles H. Davis had arrived at San Juan del Sur in the United 
States sloop-of-war i'f. Mary's early in February, 1857, with instructions ot safe- 
guard American citizens and property during the disturbances in Nicaragua. 

aoLt. [Lieutenant]. 

^iSan Juan del Sur, on the Pacific, should not be confused with the Atlantic 
port of San Juan del Norte, also called Greytown. 



324 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

but one thing marred our pleasure, to know that our relations and 
friends were constantly in danger. Capt Davis sent us many little nicities 
from his ship, which he was aware the'^ we had not enjoyed in some 
time: — He also held divine worship and invited all the Ladies, to join 
him, after the refreshments were set out for us all to regale, which I 
assure you we did. . . .^^ Excursions on the Pacific, he had us all to 
join, to try to divert us from melancholy thoughts. When at last he^* 
was induced to go to Rivas, to capitulate,''^ he went I believe, instigated by 
Charity and good feeling to his countrymen; he went on the ist of May, 
he effected what he wanted, establish peace he did not but he effected 
what he wanted, which was to save Genl W. and to cause hostilities to 
subside ! — But be it understood, that the conditions of the treaty he made 
to suit himself, which was that all Americans, who looked for protection 
from Genl W. be sent home to some port in the U. S. He himself^ 
chose i6 of his men, who he wished to have with him on board of the 
St. Mary's.^^ This showed the real disposition of Genl W. when he 
would not accept the treaty, till all and each had been provided for. 
Some blame him for selfishness but tell me is there ought of self in this? 

As I said before we all had heard of the treaty, but we heard con- 
flicting rumors, when at last on the ist of May about 8 oclock in the 
evening, we heard it whispered that they'^ had passed the bridge, about 
a quarter of a mile from town we all congregated on the balconies of the 
Hotel to see if we could recognize any of our relations : — As they came 
galloping up to the Hotel. When Gen. W and Capt Davis alighted and 
entered the Consuls office, at the same time,''" they fired a signal for the 
Cap's gig to be sent over to take himself and the Gen abroad the Brig, 
as the ofificers could go in the small boat, of the Boats crew : — It was 
done more as a mark of respect to the then President of Nicaragua 
When all last word was brought that, Capt Davis desired Gen W to 
fix upon some day to leave, the Gen declined doing so, then it suited all 
for him_ to leave on the 8th of May, just two years to the day*" that he 
left California with 56 followers to help a race of people, whose charac- 
teristics are deceit, jealousy, ingratitude, to have seen all most adoration 
given to Gen W. by thesei people, it is all most impossible to believe that 
they are the same who tried to expel him and those who followed in his 
footsteps, nevertheless, it is true. 

When at last the ship drew in her anchor at 7 oclock at night, every 
sail was expanded, and seemed like a messenger bird with her wings 
open to the breeze, when the farewell cannon shot, came across the water, 
then it was we began to realize that, all hope was gone, that it was true 
that Genl W was going to leave us, we who had joined our fortunes to 
his, for better or for worse, was with him in prosperity, and suffered 
with him in adversity. Some of us watched, until the ship was lost to 
sight and then, and not till then, did we ask the question What is to be- 

s^That. 

'^The indication of an omission is in the copy. 

^*Davis. 

s^That is. to persuade Walker to capitulate, not to the natives but to Com- 
mander Davis. 

3«Walker. 

s'By the terms of capitulation Walker was allowed to choose sixteen of his offi- 
cers to accompany him aboard the St. Mary's and proceed to Panama, while the rest 
of his men were to be taken to Panama by another route, accompanied by a United 
States officer. Unlike the author of this narrative, Walker's men did not regard 
his care for his officers as an indication of unselfishness, and his rank and file 
bitterly resented his leaving them behind. 

^^Walker and his sixteen officers. 

^°The narrator is again in error as to details. Davis did not accompany Walker to 
San Juan del Sur, but arrived there the following day. 

^"Walker left San Francisco for Nicaragua on May 4, 1855. The statement that 
he left Nicaragua on the anniversary of his sailing from the United States to this 
country is therefore incorrect. 



WITH WALKER IN NICARAGUA 325 

come of us? We asked of several officers before we could get any an- 
swer, at last we asked the Consul, he replied that we all were going to 
Virgin Bay on the loth, to embark on the Steamer to proceed thence to 
Greytown, where we all would embark, to proceed to N. Y. he said I am 
not certain but I think that is the arrangements. All passed as usual 
until Sunday the gth inst when we received a order to be ready the next 
morning at 9 oclock to leave for HOME What joy, what a disapoint- 
ment to many. I forgot to say that my Brother had arrived in San Juan, 
a day or two previous, to our Genl leaving, all the soldiers who were 
able to walk was marched from Rivas to Virgin Bay and from there 
to Punta Arenas in Costa Rica, but my Brother told St" McCorckle the 
I Lt of the St Mary, that he had a sister in San Juan, then he received 
a permit to proceed to San Juan to join me.'" On Monday the nth of 
May we all arose an hour earlier, to prepare for the journey. Chess 
our slave, I could not find no where I looked every where that I thought 
it possible he might be in; even sent aboard a small schooner, which was 
expecting to leave for Panama, I suspicioned that he wanted leave, his 
owner, who is my Brother. All [sic'] last I gave it up, at nine oclock we 
all left for Virgin Bay : — Seeing a acquaintance at her door I beckoned to 
her, and requested if she saw Chess to send him to me the following day 
as an officer and his Lady were coming over 

We reached Virgin Bay at 8 oclock that night, a distance of only 12 
miles : — but the natives who were the drivers drove slow, to annoy us. 
Tired and jaded almost to death I proceeded to Mrs. Walsh's an English 
Lady, with whom I was acquainted in Grenada. _ She offered me a place 
to lodge, and refreshments, during my stay which I thought would be 
no longer, than the Steamer, could come down to take us to Greytown : — 
which would be at the farthest on ihe 13th. After I had retired, a courier 
arrived, from the Governor of San Juan, writing to me an order declar- 
ing if I took that boy Chess, out of Nicaragua, I should suffer according 
to military law. 

W,hat could I do? it was all we had to fall back on. Some advised 
me to go on, that they the remaining FiUbusters would see me through. 
I was timid, and I knew if I did so 1 would not receive the protection 
of my government, I am sor[r]y I did not do so. When the boy made his 
appearance, with the officer, I was almost sorry, for I had given up the 
hope of seeing him again, and was willing to see him suffer for his in- 
gratitude. Others told me ere three months rolled past Walker would 
return, and advised me to remain, and keep a eye on him." there all 
my hopes of coming home were blasted ! I consulted with Mrs. Walsh. 
She advised do as I thought best, if I staid her house was my home; if 
I thought it best to leave of course I knew best; I concluded to remain 
any way two or three months, to see if Walker did return. The Steamer 
came and all left but my brother and self." We remained with Mrs. 
Walsh. My brother doing what he could, and I also in the same capacity 
doing her sewing and mending, for my board, and fortunate were we to 
get this ; this I knew, and tried every way in my power to make myself 
agreeable and I suffered many slights, at first from her daughter in law. 
and her child, a Boy about 4 years; Mrs. W grand child, her only son's 

«Lt. [Lieutenant]. , ^ ,, . , 

<=After Walker and his sixteen officers boarded the St. Mary s they were taken 
to Panama. The rest of his men were also sent there on another vessel. The 
women, children, sick and wounded, however, were sent to Greytown. This arrange- 
ment would have separated Miss Callahan from her brother, if he had not secured 
the special permit here referred to. 

*3The negro Chess. , ^ ^ , . , 

*^There were thirteen women and five children who left for Greytown along with 

the disabled combatants. The total number leaving was 142. From this port they 

were taken to Aspinwall, and from there to New York on the United States frigate 

Wabash. 



326 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

child, who had died in the a.d. 1854; but Mrs. Walsh was a perfect 
Lady and christian. We lived there together, as one family, till August, 
when as Mrs Walsh had a great quantity of dry goods, that she could not 
sell, in Virgin Bay, and she thought she would do well to send her 
daughter to San Jorge, a village about 9 miles from Virgin, accessible, 
either by water or land, as it was situated on the Lake. She asked me 
if I would go in Company to mitigate the lonesomeness of her feeUngs, 
I consented to go also my brother. 

I could not at that time speak a single word in Spanish, so I thought 
too, I would have a fine chance of learning to speak the language, not 
hearing nothing else, it was unavoidable. After I arrived in San Jorge 
I was prevailed upon to take a class in EngHsh but you might as well 
have tried to teach a brickbats as those numbskulls — besides being very 
illiterate they are suspicious they wished to learn English in one month, 
to write and to speak it fluently in the course of one month, they there- 
fore cheated me out of my small pay : — and I had become so disgusted 
with them, I was glad to play quits. 

In the meantime, I had procured for my brother a situation on board 
of one of the Lake Steamers as Steward to the Captain with the expec- 
tation of a small pay. I thought it best to keep his mind and hands em- 
ployed even at no pay, than to be idle, as "idleness is the mother of all 
evil." He went aboard the Steamer 1st of September, the Steamer made 
two or three trips to San Jorge afterwards, but toward the latter end 
of October war broke out between Costa Rica and Nicaragua and all 
communication was broke up between V. and San Juan del Norte, the 
Steamer in which Miles was, was taken by the Costa Ricans, and of 
course not permitted to return to her running ports.*' Therefore no 
words can express the suspense my mind was undergoing at that time. 
I thought of my brother only as one among the dead ; my own situation 
was sufficiently unhappy; without having this miserable pain; not being 
able to express myself sufficient to be understood in Spanish ; my actions 
and words were misinterpreted, which led to harsh, feelings, I became 
convinced the only remedy for this was to learn the language, I there- 
fore commenced and in one months time I understood, and could con- 
verse pretty well, from which I derived much pleasure, still I continued 
to improve myself. On the morning of the 18 of Dec. 1857 we heard 
that Gen. Walker himself was at Greytown,** that his men had come up 
the River and taken possession of the fort Castillo, as well as the Steamer 
Virgin (in which was my brother) Fort Castillo is renowned in history 
as being the ground on which Lord Nelson once fought, it is situated 
on a high hill, with a commanding view of many miles up and down the 
River, at the time of the English War This fort was inhabitated by a 
party of monks and nuns, who on seeing that the fort was taken rushed 
to the subterrean \^sic'\ vaults, whereupon the English closed the entrance, 
and there the poor wretches starved to death. 

42 Americans with the gallant Col. Frank Anderson" took possession 

^''The war between Costa Rica and Nicaragua here referred to was largely one of 
paper and ink. The boundary between the two countries had long been a matter of 
dispute, and after Walker's withdrawal Costa Rica deemed the time opportune to make 
good her claims, as Nicaragua was exhausted and was also under obligations to 
Costa Rica for its aid in expelling the filibusters. Rumors of Walker's impending 
return caused the two republics quickly to bury the hatchet and make common cause 
against the dreaded HUhustero. 

"After eluding the vigilance of the Federal authorities at Mobile, Walker had 
landed at Greytown on November 24 with about 270 followers. 

"Colonel Frank Anderson, of New York, had served with Walker throughout his 
first campaign, and was one of the filibuster's most trusted officers. Before Walker 
could reach the interior of Nicaragua it was necessary to recapture the river and lake 
steamers, which were still in the hands of the Costa Ricans. Anderson was placed in 
command of a picked company and was charged with this undertaking. He met with 
success, but Walker and his followers were arrested by Commodore Hiram Paulding, 
of the United States navy, before the steamers were brought down the river to Grey- 
town. 



WITH WALKER IN NICARAGUA 327 

of the fort, without a firing of a gun When this news was received at 
Rivas, the city about 3 miles from San Jorge the Governor issued a de- 
cree that all Americans male and female should present themselves to 
the government at Rivas, within 3 days and if they did not do so they 
could be dealt with accord [«V] to military law. I thought it best 
to go, to avoid any unnecessary trouble. When I presented myself to 
the Gov he gave me a receipt, stating that I had presented myself there- 
fore was not liable to the law, from the effects of that walk I took a 
fever, and my feet was so badly blistered, as to unable meto walk 4 or 
five days : — Vyhen I returned from Rivas there was a courier in the vil- 
lage who had just arrived stating that Walker was taken prisoner by the 
U. S. What a death blow to all our hopes and expectation we were 
anxiously expecting his arrival, then to hear this, was too much for poor 
humanity to stand. When Genl Walker arrived at Greytown he sent a 
party to take the Steamer Virgian** and to treat all on board as prison- 
ers, he expecting to find deserters he wished to make them suffer for their 
inconstancy, therefore my Brother being as he was on board was taken 
prisoner, and marched to Greytown where he was released as soon as 
they saw who he was. 

It seems that about this time Commodore Paulding interfered to pre- 
vent Gen W. from landing. When he, the Gen, threw up barricades and 
would have given battle, when on consideration he thought it _ best to 
surrender. What a death blow to all Americans, when on hearing that 
he was in the country everybody, was so dehghted, and had commenced 
to raise many air castles, when they were completely overthrown by the 
news that Gen W. had surrendered his title and claim, to Commodore 
Paulding, what a downfall to all of our hopes.** 

A merchant of Rivas called on me about the 18 of Jan. and told me 
he was going to Greytown, and if I had any commands for that place. 
I told him I had but one, which was if he saw my brother (or heard 
anything of him to let me know) to bring him up, and he would be set- 
tled with afterwards : — As there had been nothing like communication be- 
tween St. George and Greytown, I had not heard anything of my Brother 
since the October in the year preceding, and therefore when Mr. Canton 
was ready to start home ward, he had not that facility of Telegraphing 
or the speedy messenger by Rail Road, therefore I knew not if Miles 
was coming to me, or if he had died, or perhaps had joined Walker to 
return home, the thought was painful, agonizing, in the extreme, that per- 
haps, he had left me alone, On the 5 of Feb 1858 I had concluded that I 
must die, I had such a spell of sickness. Mrs. Walsh's daughter in law 
had left St. George to proceed to Virgin Bay, on act. of her child being 
so sick and consequently I was left in charge of everything until her re- 
turn. When I was reclining on the couch such thought came in my 
mind ; how sweet to die among kindred, to feel, and to know, that kind 
friends will perform the last sad duties towards a beloved friend that 
we will be missed from the fireside, from the table, and in every capacity, 
to know they will remember us with affection, with kindness. In my 
belief this knowledge will soothe the dying, but on the contrary to know 
there is not one who would shed affections tears at your loss, or to per- 
form those duties, which I regard sacred, such as putting away the dead, 
so sacred were they, that I performed them frequently in regard to my 
friends, them that I knew in other days or other climes, and when it 

^Virgin. 

*^The author is wrong in stating that Walker threw up barricades and thought of 
resisting the American commander. Three war vessels had trained their broadsides 
on his camp, and he told his men that resistance would be the height of folly. It 
is well to note that this demonstration of force by the American navy was made in 
the port of a friendly foreign nation and therefore a technical violation of interna- 
tional law. The government of Nicaragua, however, instead of complaining, officially 
extended it thanks to Commodore Paulding for this forcible removal of an invader. 



328 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

feel [sicj to my lot to lose my sister and her child, (I had never but 
once before witnessed death, that was many years before when my dear 
Father was called home) then there was no willing hand to lend a aid 
to assist the poor ignorant sister to perform those heart rendering serv- 
ices, No all were afraid to come near the house on act of her dying 
with cholera. I alone [had] done what I now have not the nerve to do; 
the same with her child, and then I made it a point whenever I heard 
of one of my own sex being sick or dying I always visited them to try 
to relieve their wants for I felt I knew not how soon that this sad 
ceremony would have to be performed for me and I would do to others 
what I would wish they would do to me. As these thoughts passed 
through my mind ; I heard some one call me at the front door, but being 
so weak I made no attempts to answer the call, When again I was called 
and told that my Brother was coming up the street, I was so astonished 
at this I knew not what to think, as I had no intimation of his coming. 
I started to proceed to the door when he came in, the excitement, the 
joy, of seeing him kept be buoyed up, I felt weak, but not in a dying con- 
dition as before, he remained with me full twenty four hours and then 
proceeded to Virgin Bay to see Mrs. Walsh. Mrs. Walsh had always 
been the mother, therefore he felt it a duty to see her as soon as possible, 
a few days afterwards Don Anselmo Rivas was there on a business 
visit, he proposed to Mrs. Walsh to take some child to learn them the 
printing business, and to raise said child as his own, Mrs. W. told him 
of a widowed Lady who had one, only, and she thought it would be 
charity to take the child from its mother as she was so destitute as not 
to have hardly the means of living, during the conversation my Brother 
was present and Mrs Walsh proposed that if he v^as willing, and Mr 
Rivas, that it would be an advantage to him, and until he learnt the busi- 
ness he was to assist Mr. Rivas in teaching his junior class in English, 
as at that time he had a fine school teaching English, French, and Span- 
ish. When Mrs. Walsh wrote to me advising with me, I was truly glad 
that there was something in which Miles could employ his time, as he 
was so desponding, so thoughtful as to spend hours, after hours wrapt in 
thought so contrary to his nature, about the 14th of March he left Virgin 
Bay for Grenada, passing through St George to bid me Good Bye : — he 
remained in Grenada about 14 months, and from there Mr Rivas estab- 
lished a printing office in Managua, (the capital) to publish the Govern- 
ment documents, My Brother being the best hand he had about him of 
course he had to move with the office, he remained there up to the time 
of our coming home. After his leaving St George, I had a spell of 
sickness. When Mrs Walsh sent for me to come to Virgin Bay to change 
the air when I proceeded to Virgin Bay I embarked in a canoe, knowing 
if the wind was favorable I could reach there in two hours. We had 
not proceeded far when a terrible wind blew up with rain, which is con- 
sidered very dangerous,"" we were then a mile from the coast, and it 
would be a hard pull to pull upon the coast but the wind favored us, and 
almost dashed us to pieces on the rocks, when by skilful management we 
landed I was wet to the skin. No house in four miles of us. So there- 
fore I contented myself in drying "slowly but surely" I expected the rain 
and wind would have subsided in a few hours the rain lasted about two 
hours, but the wind there was no hope, for two days and two nights it 
was excruating \_sic'\ to hear the wind whistle throng the water, and our 
place of refuge was a shed by the wayside, which had once been a house, but 
the walls had moldered with time, the place on which I laid for a bed, 
was a stationary table about three feet long and the same width, had noth- 
ing to eat for one whole day, and the second day Plantains and Beef 

""Lake Nicaragua is subject to sudden and very severe wind storms, and is 
regarded as a very dangerous body for navigation by small boats. 



/\ 



WITH WALKER IN NICARAGUA 329 

boiled together, on the second morning at 4 oclock I was aroused by the 
Captain telHng me to get ready that the wind was favorable : — and with 
joy I made my preparations and at once embarked, again on the lake: — 
I reached Virgin Bay at 7 o'clock much to the joy of Mrs. Walsh, who had 
heard of my coming, and of my unfortunate trip, she was making prepara- 
tions to send a horse for me, such were her kind feelings to me. I re- 
mained in Virgin Bay from the 24th of July till the 24 of June of the 
following year. Nothing particularly transpired, Mrs. Walsh would re- 
main in her home in Virgin Bay a short time, and then visit her store in 
St George, her time was divided, between the two places when she was 
with me, it was very pleasant, and then when she would leave me, I would 
feel so lonesome, when I had become weaned from her society, she would 
return, and then I would miss her company doubly. However being so 
entirely alone with only a servant I employed my time in reading, and 
raising flowers, which employment I advise, I consider them types of 
the human character and disposition, placed here by an All Wise Creator, 
who it seems study, to please and gratify his creatures, and we are so 
ungrateful, as to rebel against him, if misfortunes crowd upon us, such 
as the death of a friend, loss of property or sickness. Oh talk of your 
ingratitude to an earthly parent; but do you ever think of your ingrati- 
tude, to your Almighty : I answer for you No, you do not. In Dec we 
heard that Gen W had left New Orleans, with his forces, and then was 
on his way to Nic We were hopeful, but alas, our hope was drowned 
to disappointment In Jan 1859, the news was confirmed, that Col Frank 
Anderson and his gallant band were taken by some British vessel oflf the 
Balize and brought home:'*^ — we were truly rejoiced that "Uncle Billy"" -■ 
was not with them, I shall now give a description of the country. The 
climate is very mild, and with comfort you can sleep under a blanket. 
There is only two seasons, the wet and the dry, the wet season resembling 
our winter and the dry our summer. The winter or wet season, com- 
mences the latter part of April or the i of May, continues till November, 
when the Summer sets in and last[s] till April or May. Vegatison 
[j'ic] is so very Rank, that is is almost impossible to keep the weeds from 
growing in your doors, the soil is very grateful, anything you plant will 
soon come to perfection The fruits adapted to the climate are oranges, 
lemons, pine apple, cocoa nut, papaya, Nispero, mamya, Zapota, Banana 
and various others, too numerous to mention, which at first all foreign- 
ers indulge in, but soon do we long for our home fruits, such as apples, 
peaches and pears The cause of so many of Walkers men dying, when 
they first landed there was too frequent use of Aguadiente (or the native 
Liquor) and these various fruits, if you place a Banana in a glass of 
rum, the rum will turn like ink, and of course, that in the human system, 
is perfect poison. It is the Garden of the world, if only in the hands 
of an enlightened race, or a race who could and would appreciate the 
advantages of their country. You can seldom find a pure Castilian, as 
they are a people mixed with the Spanish, the Indian and negro : — Their 
costumes and habits dates back coincident to the flood. The jars they 
use for carrying water, are the same, which we see in representation of 
the ancients carrying water on their heads in the Bible. They still use 
sandals, and in the Bible where it is said, that "Two Women will be to- 
gether grinding, one shall be taken and the other left," they still use the 
grinding stone, to prepare their Tortillas, which is used as bread, and 
prepared thus, the corn is boiled in lye, till the skin is ready to peal oflf, 

"The author here refers to Walker's thixd filibustering attempt upon Nicaragua. 
On December 4 the vanguard of this thjrd expedition, 120 men under the command of 
Anderson, sailed from Mobile without a clearance in the schooner Susan. On the 
1 6th the vessel struck a coral reef about sixty miles from Belize. The men were 
stranded on a small island, where they were rescued by the British sloop-of-war 
Basilisk and taken back to Mobile. 

*2"Uncle Billy" was Walker's nickname among his followers in Nicaragua. -+ 



330 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

then it is well washed, to take any taste of the ashes off, it is ground on 
this stone till it becomes equivalent to our corn meal dough, it is then 
baked in a stone bowl, very thin, when it is well made and baked it is 
a good substitute for corn bread. Flour selling at the rate of 40$ a bar- 
rel few of us could enjoy that great rarity bread. Rice, coffee, sugar, 
cocoa or chocolate is grown there, indigo also, and if cultivated properly 
the ground would yield ten times more than at present. You can raise 
three crops of corn in the year, and as they cultivate it, with no trouble 
They make an incision in the ground and there place five or six grains 
of corn, that is all the work and trouble. They are a set so lazy that 
it is an effort for them to breathe. Smoking is a habit with them, from 
the little child three years old to the aged man and woman, it is a great 
rarity to find a native woman that does not use the weed. With such 
a country, our U. S. would have a "garden of Eden," As it is it is a 
punishment for any enlightened person to be compelled to live there 
not having the means to use, nor to have they must make "necessity 
the Mother of invention." . . .^' 

^Miss Callahan, in 1859, established communication with relatives in the United 
States, and through the assistance of General M. B. Lamar, American Minister to 
Nicaragua, Governor I. G. Harris, of Tennessee, and others, was enabled to return 
home. The remainder of the manuscript is of merely personal interest. 



II. 

Walker-Heiss Papers. Some Diplomatic Correspondence 
of the Walker Regime in Nicaragua. 



(Reprinted from the Tennessee Historical Magazine, December, 1915.) 



[trhe following documents are part of a collection of papers left by 
Major John P. Heiss, long a resident of Nashville, Tennessee. For the 
use of this collection the Society and the Magazine are under obligations 
to Robert Lusk, Esq., of Nashville. 

The papers now published are those which bear upon the Walker 
Regime in Nicaragua, with which, as will appear below, Major Heiss was 
intimately associated. Besides these manuscripts there are two large scrap 
books filled with clippings collected by Major Heiss covering many phases 
of the conplicated Latin-American relations of this period. 

In future numbers of the Magazine there will be published other 
selections from the Heiss Papers, which relate to earlier and later parts 
of the active career of Major Heiss. 

For the introduction and notes to the documents which follow the 
Magazine is again indebted to Professor W. O. Scroggs. In the transla- 
tion of the Spanish documents, Mr. G. P. Winton has given assistance.] 
— Ed. 

INTRODUCTION 



Major John P. Heiss, from whose papers the following- 
documents have been collected, may be appropriately desig- 
nated as the Johannes Factotum of the filibuster government 
in Nicaragua. His experience as editor of the Washington 
Union during Polk's administration had given him a detailed 
knowledge of public questions and a wide acquaintance and 
friendship with men in public life. He possessed also first- 
hand information concerning conditions in Nicaragua, hav- 
ing been sent to that country in February, 1856, as bearer 
of dispatches for the American State Department. He took 
advantage of this mission to engage in a small business ven- 
ture in that country, as the second document in the series 
shows. When Major Heiss arrived in Nicaragua the coun- 
try was under a provisional government with Patricio Rivas, 
a man of neutral character, as president, and William 
Walker, the filibuster leader, as commander-in-chief of the 
army of the Republic. The real power lay in the hands of 
Walker, and he succeeded in winning the enthusiastic sup- 
port of Heiss, who was a former fellow townsman, and who 
returned to the United States as a "naturalized" Nicaraguan 
and devoted his energies to serving the filibuster cause. For 
a short time he acted as charge d'affaires for the Nicaraguan 



332 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

legation in Washington, and in September, 1856, was 
accredited by Walker, then claiming to be President of 
Nicaragua, as a special commissioner to the United States 
and Great Britain to adjust the controversy arising out of 
the British claim to a protectorate over the Mosquito terri- 
tory on the eastern coast of Nicaragua. As neither England 
nor the United States at that time recognized Walker's claim 
to the presidency, Heiss had no opportunity to exercise this 
diplomatic function. He was able, however, to serve the 
filibuster regime in a number of other ways. When Walker 
needed newspaper publicity, or a defender against the 
attacks of his critics, or a spokesman who could reach the 
ear of the administration at Washington, he usually called 
on Heiss. 

The warmth of friendship between the two men, as 
revealed in their correspondence as late as the autumn of 
1857, tends to emphasize the absence of letters during the 
remaining years of Walker's life (1858-60). It is likewise 
worthy of note that in his book. The War in Nicaragua, pub- 
lished in Mobile in 1860, Walker takes pains to recognize 
the special services rendered him by his supporters, but is 
ominously silent with regard to Heiss. A rupture in the 
friendly relations of the two men is apparently indicated. 

W. 0. SCROGGS. 
Walker-Heiss Papers. 

I. Official Recognition of JTeiss as Bearer of Dispatches for the 

United States. 
No. 416. 

united states of AMERICA. 
DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 

To all to whom these presents shall come, Greeting: Know ye, that 
the bearer hereof, John P. Heiss, Esquire, is proceeding to Granada, Nic- 
aragua, bearing dispatches from this Department, to the Legation of the 
United States there. 

These are therefore to request all whom it may concern, to permit him 
to pass freely without let or molestation, and to extend to him such 
friendly aid and protection, as would be extended to Citizens and Sub- 
jects of Foreign Countries, resorting to the United States bearing Des- 
patches from their Governments. 

In testimony whereof, I, William L. Marcy, Secretary of State of the 
United States of America, have hereunto set my hand and caused the 
seal of this Department to be affixed at Washington, this twenty-second 
day of February, A. D. 1856, and of the Independence of the United 
States the 80th. 



WALKER-HEISS PAPERS 333 

2. A Business Contract. 

[Copy] 

John P. Heiss and Sam F. Butterworth have this day jointly pur- 
chased from R. L. Allen & Co., of New York City, a bill of agricultural im- 
plements consisting of two corn mills, horse power, sett of tools, etc., 
etc., for which Butterworth has given his note payle at 4 months from 
date. These articles are to be shipd to San Juan de Nicaragua in the 
first vessel to J. P. Heiss, who will receive them and dispose of them 
on joint account. These articles are bought on joint account each of us 
to pay one half of their cost and all expenses and the proceeds of their 
sale or use to be equally divided without charge on the part of either 
for personal services connected therewith. This agreement shall apply to 
all future purchases that may be made by us for that market. 
Feb. 2Sth, 1856. 
New York. 

John P. Heiss. 

Sam F. Butterworth. 

3. Chas. Morgan,^ New York, to John P. Heiss, 

June 20th, 1856. 

Your two favors of i8th and 19th. inst. I received this morning. I 
immediately called on Mr. Randolph^ and gave him your letter. He is 
quite unwell. I am to take the Padre^ to see him at 6 o'clock this even- 
ing. Mr. Randolph agrees with me fully that you must take the charge 
of Nicaragua Government aflfairs in Washington, I think the matter 
will be settled this evening when we meet. 

4. Father Vijil to the Secretary of State. 

iCopy] 

Legacion de Nicaragua 

NuEVA York Junio 23 de 1856. 
El infrascripto Enviado Extraordinario y Ministro Plenepotenciario 
de Nicaragua cerca del Gobierno de loz Estados Unidos tiene el honor 
de participas lsic'\ al Sr. Wm. L. Marcy Secretario Estado de dicho Gobier- 
no que hallandose en la necesidad de ausentarse de esta pais debe nombrar 
un Encargado de Negocios que atienda a los de Nicaragua durante la 
ausencia del infrascripto, y nombra con tal caracter al Sr. Jno P. Heiss. 

El infrascripto aprovecha esta oportunidad de ofrecer de nuevo sus 
respecto [Jic] al Sr. Wm. L. Marcy. 

AuGusTiN Vijil Isic"] 
Al Sr. Wm. L. Marcy 
Secre'o. de Estado de los Estados Unidos. 

^Charles Morgan (1795-1878) was a prominent American captain of industry of 
the nineteenth century, and was especially active ir» promoting and managing coast- 
wise steamship lines. The well-known "Morgan Line" of today perpetuates his name. 
When Walker went to Nicaragua Morgan was interested in a steamship company 
engaged in conveying passengers and freight between San Francisco and the Atlantic 
ports by way of Nicaragua, and he was thus brought into close relations with the 
filibuster leader. 

^Edmund Randolph (1819-61) was a grandson of the Virginia statesman of th« 
same name. He and Walker had known each other as struggling young lawyers in 
New Orleans, and when they met again in San Francisco their association was re- 
newed. Randolph gave Walker much assistance in planning his expedition to Nica- 
ragua and later secured for him many recruits in California. At the time this letter 
was written Randolph was in New York in consultation with Charles Morgan, the 
manager of the steamship company on whose boats recruits were being taken to 
Nicarauga in large numbers. 

^Padre Augustin Vigil, Walker's minister to the United States. 



334 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

^Translation] 

NicARAGUAN Legation 

New York June 23 1856 
The undersigned Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 
of Nicaragua to the Government of the United States has the honor of 
informing Mr. Wm. S. Marcy, Secretary of State of the said Govern- 
ment, that having found it necessary to be absent from this country he is 
obliged to name a charge d'affaires who may attend to those [affairs] 
of Nicaragua during the absence of the undersigned, and names in such 
a character Mr. Jno. P. Heiss. 

The undersigned improves this opportunity of offering anew his re- 
spects to Mr. Wm. L. Marcy. 



To Mr. Wm. L. Marcy 

Sec. of State of the United States. 



AUGUSTIN VlJIL. 



5. John P. Heiss, New York, to Hon. W. L. Marcy, Secretary of 

State, 

hCopy] 
The accompanying communication will inform your Excellency, that 
Don Augustin Vijil, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 
of the Republic of Nicaragua, to the United States, having necessarily 
been compelled to absent himself for a time from this country, has com- 
missioned the undersigned to represent the interests of Nicaragua at this 
Government during the interum [..yic].* 

6. Wm. Walker, Granada, to the Minister Plenipotentiary of Nic- 

aragua, 

June 29, 1856. 

OFFICE OF THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY 
OF THE REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA. 

[Copy] 

I refer you to the letter which on the 21st inst. was addressed to your 
Honor through Gen. Domingo de Goicouria,'' wherein an exact account of 
the events of Nicaragua and of the reasons that caused the change of 
the Provisional Administration of Senor Patricio Rivas is given. I now 
think convenient to add by this opportunity that the two persons belong- 
ing to that refractory Executive composed of Sres. President Rivas and 

*Padre Vigil's stay in Washington was not an altogether pleasant experience. 
Ministers from other Central American republics not only snvibbed him, but pro- 
tested vigorously against his reception. His fellow clergymen in the United States 
treated him coldly, even insulted him, and on June 23, less than six weeks after 
his official reception, he took his departure for Nicaragua, leaving John P. Heiss as 
citarge d'affaires. 

^Domingo de Goicouria was_ a wealthy Cuban, who' had been forced to leave his 
native island on account of his liberal ideas. During his residence in the United 
States he was a prominent member of the Cuban revolutionary junta in this country 
and co-operated with Lopez in 1849-52 and with John A. Quitman in 1853 in raising 
expeditions for the liberation of the island. In 1855 Walker and the Cuban revolu- 
tionists in New York pooled their interests. The Cubans agreed to aid Walker in 
pacifying Nicaragua, and after this was accomplished he was to assist them in behalf 
of "Cuba and her freedom." Goicouria, in accordance with this agreement, arrived 
in Nicaragua in March, 1856, and was commissioned as a brigadier-general in the 
filibuster army. In June Wialker designated him as a special envoy to England. On 
his way to London the Cuban stopped in New York to use his influence in securing 
subscriptions to a Nicaraguan loan. While there he became embroiled in a quarrel 
with Walker and severed his connection with the filibuster government. For full 
details concerning Walker's relations with the Cuban revolutionists, the reader is 
referred to the article, "William Walker's Designs on Cuba," in the Mississippi 
Valley Historical Review, I., 198-211. 



WALKER-HEISS PAPERS 335 

General Jerez have continued giving unequivocal proof of their treachery.' 
These gentlemen, after having left open the western frontiers, and after 
sending emissaries with the object of delivering Nicaragua into the hands 
of the enemies of public liberty that are now in [^sic] the frontiers, still 
remain in that Department' with the flattering illusion that they will be 
protected by people upon whom they looked before as upon implacable 
enemies, because in the Republic of Nicaragua their insidious object and 
their perverse intentions do not find any support. The proof of this 
assertion is found in the fact that when the American Detachment evac- 
uated the city of Leon they in vain beat the general calling and resorted 
to every artifice that could excite the people through fanatism [sic] and 
calumny, because they did not succeed in gathering even the smallest force 
in a people that was convinced that the contrary was the case, as well for 
the good behavior of the American forces, as for the good services and 
relevant patriotism of the Rev. Vicar General.** 

Therefore the march of the present administration of Nicaragua will 
be inalterable and the country shows itself in favor of maintaining order 
and, public tranquility. There are only a few indications that are to be 
made to your Honor in order that your Honor may present them as the 
Representative of this Government near the Cabinet at Washington." 

Your Honor must know that Senor Don Thomas Manny [Manning]'" 
an English subject and Vice Consul of England claims against Nicaragua 
the enormous sum of one hundred thousand dollars and upwards, for 
which amount he thinks himself to be a creditor ; and that this sum has 
been formed with several sums that had been acknowledged by this Gov- 
ernment in different periods from the year 848 [sic] or thereabouts, as 
for loans, merchandise, money, bonds and interests, which from time to 
time have been included in the capital after the agreement to pay tzvo per 
cent a month. ■ 

I have private information through trustworthy persons that _Mr. 
Manning intends claiming or has claimed the protection of the British 
Government to compel Nicaragua to the payment of the sum that he 
claims and pretends to receive. I presume that these steps are taken by 
Mr. Manning in concert with the Ex-Government and with the object of 

'Patricio Rivas, the provisional president, and Maximo Jerez, the minister of war, 
in June, 1856, began to show signs of defection toward Walker, fearing that he had 
designs on the presidency. They therefore circulated stories which roused the 
populace against the Americans and also sent messengers to the neighboring republics 
calling for their aid in driving out the filibusters. 

'This is a reference to the Occidental Department, in northwestern Nicaragua. 

*The details of the incident in Leon to which Walker here refers were as fol- 
lows: One of Walker's officers there had dismissed a guard of native soldiers sta- 
tioned in the cathedral tower and replaced them with Americans. Jerez, the war 
minister, then in Leon, countermanded the order. The officer refused to comply 
without orders from Walker, who had left the city for Granada the day before, and 
he prepared to hold the place by force. This threw the natives into great excitement, 
and they thronged the plaza shouting, "Death to the Americans!" When word 
reached Walker he ordered the American guard withdrawn, but the mischief had 
already been done. 

»It will be noted that Walker seeks to minimize the importance of his breach 
with President Rivas and desires that Padre Vigil shall reassure the authorities at 
Washington, who had doubtless heard rumors of serious trouble in Nicaragua. 

I'Of Thomas Manning, who gave the filibuster government no little trouble, 
Walker says, in his War in Nicaragua, pp. 170-71. that he belonged to a_ tvpe of 
English merchants frequently found in Spanish-American states. "Arriving in 
Nicaragua without means — a sailor, it is said, on a merchant vessel — he had married 
a woman of the country and soon built the foundations of a fortune. Without any 
education or any habit of regarding political events in the light of principle or fixed 
policy, he yet had that keen instinct for property and his own interests which en- 
abled him to use the British power to aid his trading ventures. He sometimes lent 
money to the Republic, only, however, when it was in great straits and promised 
extravagant interest, and when the principal and interest had accumulated to a 
suitable sum, he would call on the British fleet to blockade the ports of the States 
until the debt was paid." 



336 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

blockading the ports of this Republic, as has been the case before this 
time in Central America with that Government. 

It is therefore necessary that your Honor should address the Govern- 
ment of the United States in order that, understanding: the possibility of 
an undue British interference in favor of a private man, and which may 
be accompanied with political objects, they may stretch their protecting 
hands in favor of this friendly and sister Republic that is firmly for the 
continental Cause. 

7. J. A. Thomas^ Assistant Secretary, Department of State, Wash- 

ington, TO John P. Heiss, Esquire, Etc. 

July S, 1856. 
I have to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 28th 
ulto. announcing the return to Nicaragua of M. Vijil, the Minister of 
that State, and enclosing his letter nominating you as Charge d'Affaires 
during his absence. 

8. A Land Warrant Issued by Walker. 
Cei^tihco ; Que D. N. Ingraham. 

6 su representante 6 cesionario tiene derecho a quinientos acres de 
tierra en los realengos del Estado, conforme a las facultades dadas al 
General William Walker por el Supremo Gobierno Provisional con fecha 
de veinte y seis de Julio de 1855. 

Firmado de mi mano y con el Sello de Estado de la Republica, hoi 29 
Julio de 1856. 

Wm. Walker 

Presidente de Nicaragua 
M. Carrascasa 

Ministro del Credito Publico 

[Translation] 

I certify: 

That D. N. Ingraham 
or his representative or cessionary has a just claim to 500 acres of land in 
the unappropriated [land] of this State, conforming to the powers given 
to General William Walker by the Supreme Provisional Government on 
the date of July 26, 1855." 

Signed by my hand and with the seal of State of the Republic, today 
July 29, 1856 

Wm. Walker 

President of Nicaragua 
M. Carrascasa 

Minister of Public Credit. 

g. John P. Heiss, Washington, D. C, to President Franklin Pierce, 

August 26th, 1856. 
Enclosed please find a copy of the despatch recognizing me as Charge 
d'Affaires of the Republic [of] Nicaragua during the absence of His Ex- 
cellency Senor Don Augustin Vigil. 

^^The decree of July 26, 1855, was drawn up shortly after Walker's arrival in 
Nicaragua. The original agreement with the leaders of the Democratic faction, under 
which Walker and his followers had gone to Nicaragua, designated the filibusters as 
"colonists." This was done to avoid the appearance of violating the neutrality laws 
of the United States. Once in Nicaragua, however. Walker threw aside all pretence 
of colonization and secured a new decree, as indicated above, authorizing him to 
enlist 300 men for military service, who were to receive one hundred dollars a 
month and 500 acres of land at the end of the campaign. See Walker, War in 
Nicaragua, 75. 



WALKER-HEISS PAPERS 337 

10. Ratification of the Proposed Treaty of 1855 by Nicaragua. 
Republica de Nicaragua 

SECRETARIA DE ESTADO 

En el despacho de 

RELACIONES EXTERIORES No. 5 1 

Granada, Setiembre 27 de 1856 
Al Senor John P. Heiss. 

El S. P. E. se ha servldo dictar el decreto siguiente — 
"El Presidente de la Republica de Nicaragua, a sus habitantes — 
Conciderando que el tratado de amistad, comercio y navegacion hecho 
en Granada el dia 20 de Junio del ano de 1855, requiere que las debidas 
ratificaciones scan canjeadas en la Cuidad de Washington dentro del ter- 
mino de dies y ocho meses despues de firmado, por tanto, en uso de sus 
facultades. 

DECEETA 

Art. I Se ratifica y establece por este decreto, en todos sus condiciones, 
el tratado de amistad, comercio y navegacion hecho en Granada el dia 
20 de Junio del ano de 1855 entre Nicaragua y_ los EE. UU. de America. 

Art. 2 Se autorisa el Senor John P. Heiss, ciudando debidamente 
naturalisado de esta Republica, pa el canje de las ratificaciones de la misma 
de parte de Nicaragua, conforme a las condiciones que establece el art. 
17 de este tratado — 

Art. 3 Communiquese a quienes corresponde-Dado en Granada a 27 de 
Setiembre de 1856 — William Walker — Al Senor Secretario de Estado en 
el despacho de Relaciones exteriores Licencia[do?] Don Fermin Ferrer. 

Y de suprema orden lo comunico a V. para su inteligencia y efectos, 
incluyendole una copia del tratado a q. se refiere este decreto; quedando 
de V. atento serv. 

F. Ferrer 

\_Translation'\ 

Republic of Nicaragua 

DEPARTMENT OF STATE 

In the office of 

FOREIGN AFFAIRS 

Granada, September 27 1856 
To Mr. John P. Heiss 

The Supreme Executive Power has seen fit to dictate the following 
decree— 

"The President of the Republic of Nicaragua to his people— Knowing 
that the treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation made in Granada 
on June 20, 1855," requires that the ratifications be exchanged in the 
city of Washington within eighteen months after the signing; for such 
reason, in exercise of his powers, 

DECREES, 

Art. I This decree ratifies and establishes in all its conditions the 
treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation made in Granada June 20 
1855 between Nicaragua and the United States of America. 

Art. 2 Mr. John P. Heiss, a duly naturalized citizen of this Republic, 
is hereby authorized to exchange ratifications of the same under the 

"The convention of June 20, 1855, had been negotiated by the American min- 
ister, John H. Wheeler, with the government then recognized by the United States. 
This government had been overthrown by Walker's efforts in behalf of its opponents, 
the Demorcrats, and for this reason the convention had not been ratified. In the 
decree of September 27, 1856, Walker affirms the validity of this act of the defunct 
government. 



338 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

terms of Article i" of the said treaty, on behalf of the republic of Nic- 
aragua. 

Art. 3 Let it be communicated to all concerned. — Given in Granada 
September 27, 1855. William Walker. — To the Secretary of State, Fermin 
Ferrer, Esq., in the Office of Foreign Relations. 

And 

By superior orders I communicate the same to you for your in- 
formation and to be carried out, inclosing herewith a copy of the treaty 
to which reference is made, remaining as ever 

Your faithful servant, 

F. Ferrer."^ 

II. The Secretary of State of Nicaragua to the Secretary of State 
OF Great Britain Authenticating the Appointment of Heiss. 

Republica de Nicaragua 

secretaria de estado 

En el despacho de 

RELACIONES EXTERIORES 

Granada, Setiembre 29 de 1856 
Al muy Honorable Conde de Clarendon 
Secretario de Relaciones de S. M. B. 
Sefior 
Tengo orden de mi Gobierno para participar a V. E. que en esta 
fecha ha sido nombrado comisionado especial cerca de los Gobiernos de 
S. M. B. y los Estados Unidos de America, el Senor John P. Heiss con 
el fin de arreglar definitivamente la cuestion pendiente respecto del terri- 
torio de Mosquito, y asegurar la neutralidad del Ystmo en todos los casos 
y sircumstancias, segun se impondra V. E. por el decreto que en copia 
autorizada me hago el honor de acompanarle. 

Esta occasion me proposiona el honor de ofrecer a V. E. mis respectos 
y distinguida consideracion con que me suscribo su atento 

Servidor 

F. Ferrer 

Secreto de Estado. 

[Translation] 

Republic of Nicaragua 

department of state 

In the office of 

foreign relations 

Granada, September 29 1856 
To the very Honorable Earl of Clarendon 
Secretary of Affairs of Her British Majesty 
Sir 
_ I am, ordered of my Government to inform Your Excellency that on 
this date John P. Heiss has been named special commissioner to the 
Governments of Her British Majesty and the United States of America 
with the power of adjusting definitely the question pending in respect to the 
mosquito territory" and assuring the neutrality of the Isthmus in all events 

I'Fermin Ferrer, who became secretary of state after Walker's inauguration as 
president, was one of the few natives of prominence who remained faithful to the 
filibuster leader during his stay in Nicaragua. 

"The so-called Mosquito territory, or shore, was originally a strip of coast about 
200 miles long extending from Cape Gracias a Dios to the Bluefields Lagoon. Great 
Britain's claim at this time to a protectorate over this region was' disputed by both 
the United States and the Republic of Nicaragua. It is this dispute which Walker, 
in his peculiarly Quixotic manner, commissions Heiss to settle. As the filibuster gov- 
ernment was not then recognized by any foreign nation, the appointment of Heiss 
was without result. 



WALKER-HEISS PAPERS 339 

and circumstances, as Your Excellency is advised by the decree, an au- 
thorized copy of which I have the honor to enclose. 

This occasion afifords me the honor of offering to Your Excellency 
my respects and distinguished consideration, with which 1 subscribe myself 
your attentive Servant 

F. Ferrer 

Sec. of State 

12. The Same, to the Secretary of State of the United States. 

[Except for the substitution of the United States for Great Britain, 
and of Marcy for Clarendon, this document is identical with ii.] 

13. Commission of Heiss to Great Britain and the United States. 
Copia No. 52 

William Walker Presidente de la Republica de Nicaragua. Siendo de 
suma importancia acreditar un comisionado especial cerca de los Gobiernos 
de S. M. B. y de los Estados Unidos para tratar y arreglar con el primero 
definitivamente la cuestion pendiente con esta Republica respecto del 
territorio de Mosquito y asegurar con ambos la neutralidad del Ystmo 
en todos los casos y sircumstancias ; En uso de sus facultades 

Decreta 

Art. I Nombrase con tal objecto comisionado especial del Gobiermo de 

la Republica de Nicaragua el Senor John P. Heiss. 
Art. 2. Comuniquese a quienes corresponde-Dado en Granada a 29 de 
Setiembre de 1856. — Wiliam Walker. Al Senor Secretario de 
Estado en el despacho de Relaciones exteriores Licdo don Fermin 
Ferrer — 
Es conforme, y en fe de ello la firmo y autorizo con el gran Sello de 
la Republica — F. Ferrer 

[seal] Secreto — de Estado 

[Translation.] 

Copy ' No 52 

William Walker President of the Republic of Nicaragua. It being of 
supreme importance to acredit a special commissioner to the Governments 
of Her British Majesty and the United States to treat and adjust with 
the first definitely the question pending with this Republic in respect to 
the Mosquito territory and to insure to both the neutrality of the Isthmus 
in all events and circumstances ; In the exercise of his powers 

Decrees 

Art. I With such object Mr. John P. Heiss is named special com- 
missioner of the Republic of Nicaragua. 

Art. 2 Let such be communicated to whom it concerns. 
Given in Granada on September 29, 1856 

William Walker 

To the Secretary of State in the office of Foreign Affairs, Hon. Don 
Fermin Ferrer 

A correct copy and in witness thereof I sign and authorize it with the 
Great Seal of the Republic— F. Ferrer 

Sec. of State. 



340 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

14. The Secretary of State of Nicaragua to Heiss. 

Republica de Nicaragua 
secretaria de estado 
En el despacho de 
relaciones exteriores No. 52 

Granada, Setiembre 29 de 1856. 
Senor 

El S. P. E. se ha servido dictar el decreto siguiente. 
IThere follotvs the text of the preceding document (13), except the 
last sentence. The document then continues'^ : 

Y de orden suprema tango el honor de comunicarlo a V. para su in- 
teligencia, y bien satisfecho de que tendra la clinnacion (inclinacion?) de 
aceptar las confianzas del Supremo Gobierno, le acompano a este despacho 
el titulo que acredita su nombramiento. 

Sirvase admitir las seguridades de mi mas destinguida concideracion 
y respecto con que me suscribo 

Su atto. Servidor, 

F. Ferrer, 
Secreto. de Estado. 
Granada, September 29 1856 

^Translation.^ 

Sir : The Supreme Executive Power has seen fit to dictate the fol- 
lowing decree : [See above."] 

And I have the honor of communicating to you the supreme order for 
your information, and as I feel fully satisfied that you will be inclined 
to accept the confidence of the Supreme Government, the diploma which 
certifies your nomination accompanies this dispatch. Please accept the 
assurances of my most distinguished consideration and respect with which 
I subscribe myself. Your attentive Servant 

F. Ferrer, 
Sec. of State. 

15. Walker Wm., Granada, to Garrison, C. K.,^^ or Morgan, Charles; 

October ist, 1856. 

Major Heiss goes to Washington and probably to London on business 
which he will explain to you. 

Any receipts, due-bills or drafts made by Major Heiss in his capacity 
as Special Commissioner will be duly acknowledged by the government 
of Nicaragua. 

16. Dallas," G. M., London England, te Heiss, John P., 

November 17, 1856. 
private 
Your letter of the 29th ulto. has reached me. The object of your 
writing is to get my view of the probability of the English Government 
recognizing you, as a diplomatic representative under special powers, of 
Nicaragua, as a party to the contemplated treaty upon Central American 
Affairs. 

I am a sincere well-wisher to the Government of which General Walker 

"Cornelius K. Garrison (1809-85) was associated with Charles Morgan (see above, 
note 6) in the steamship business. Walker's deals with Morgan and Garrison, where- 
by large numbers of recruits were taken to Nicaragua on Morgan and Garrison's 
steamers free of charge, proved to be one of the most important acts of his whole 
career. For details, see the article, "William Walker and the Steamship Corporation 
in Nicaragua," in the American Historical Review, X., 792-811. 

'"George M. Dallas ha3 succeeded James Buchanan as minister to England in 
February, 1856. 



WALKER-HEISS PAPERS 341 

is the Chief: — and in the negotiations conducted and concluded here, I 
have not withheld the expression of this sympathy, while shielding as far 
as possible from even verbal invasion the sovereignty and rights of 
Nicaragua. At the present moment, however, it would be a departure 
from candour, were I to encourage the slightest belief of your being 
recognized by this Government. I entertain not a particle of doubt that, 
if General Walker maintains his present position, divests himself of the 
appearance of a military dictator, and devotes his great mind and energies 
to the peace and domestic prosperity of Nicaragua, his recognition by 
England will promptly follow. The arrangement matured, if frankly and 
cordially accepted and ratilied by him, will deprive England of every 
pretext for continuing, like a dark cloud, to hover over the Central 
American States ; and will leave them free to follow, in enlightened prog- 
ress, the example of our own country. I hope for this soon, but it is 
not yet. 

Let me suggest to you, as expedient, that your representative power 
to treat should be communicated to the Secretary of State, who may 
possibly before long find cause to invoke its exercise. 

17. Walker^ Wm., Rivas, to Heiss, John P., 

December 22, 1856. 

Your letters of last month were duly received; and I thank you for 
the zeal and sagacity you have shown in breaking up the plots of Goicouria 
and his associates. They may hereafter attempt to injure us; but I think 
their efforts will only tend to their own injury." 

I did not write to you by the last steamer because I was very much 
occupied at the time she sailed. Genl. Henningsen was at that time shut 
up in Granada ; and the remainder of the force was in a very bad state 
owing to a variety of causes. On the morning of the 12th inst. Genl. Hen- 
ningsen was relieved; and the details of the siege he underwent you will 
learn from his report sent for; publication." The effect produced by the 
burning of Granada and by the resistance of the garrison has been excel- 
lent; and from all accounts the enemy is very much demoralized. Reports 
indicate that the two old factions are quarreling openly and the several 
foreign contingents take sides in the quarrel. 

Sir Henry Huntly, who has been in California for several years, came 
from San Francisco on the last steamer and has remained over for the 
purpose of observing facts in Nicaragua. He seems desirous of aiding 
to bring about diplomatic intercourse between England and Nicaragua and 
it might be well for you to see him. He goes to England and by way of 
New York; and I suppose he has facilities for ascertaining the ideas and 
motives of many of the public men in London. You can readily meet 
him through Mr. Harris" of the firm of Chas. Morgan and Sons. 

The condition of the army is improving every day. Its health is very 
much better than it could ever have been in Granada. In fact, even if 
Granada had not been destroyed I could never have remained there, with 
.any force, during the dry season. 

^''The "plots of Giocouria" were the outcome of the quarrel between him and 
Walker already referred to. (See note i.) While Goicouria was in New York he 
had busied himself with other matters than those entrusted to his care. Among 
other things he sought to regain for the filibusters the good will of Cornelius Van- 
derbilt. Walker had antagonized this financier by confiscating certain property be- 
longing to a company in which Vanderbilt was interested. Walker bluntly censured 
Goicouria for intermeddling, and the latter took oflFense and severed his connection 
with the filibuster regime. An acrid newspaper controversy soon broke out between 
Goicouria and Walker's two friends. Randolph and Heiss. In the above letter 
Walker thanks Heiss for defending him against Goicouria's attacks in the press. 

'^The details of the siege of Granada are given at some length in the foregoing 
narrative by Mrs. Katterman. 

"The man Harris here referred to was a son-in-law of Charles Morgan. 



342 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MACA.^INE 

So far as our neighbors are concerned, I think they have exerted them- 
selves to the uttermost and have failed in their efforts. Costa Rica is pros- 
trate and cannot send another man to Nicaragua. San Salvador and 
Guatamala are very much in the same condition. Honduras, after a long 
and strenuous effort, sent Jatruch [Xatruch] with 600 men to the aid of 
the allies ; and they arrived just in time to be beaten by Col. Waters on 
the night of the nth and morning of the 12th. 

In a short time I shall occupy Chontales^" and shall then make efforts 
to have that territory colonized. It must furnish us with the most of our 
cattle, horses and mules for some time to come. 

Hoping to hear from you by every opportunity, I remain, 

18. Walker^ Wm., Mobile, to Heissi, John P., 

July 2Sth, 1857.'' 

I see it stated from Washington that I telegraphed my officers to 
report for orders at New Orleans. All such reports are false. See, if 
you please, that they do not create a false impression in important quar- 
ters.'' 

Affairs look well in this part of the country. We have done well in 
the way of money at this place. The means will certainly be raised for 
my return to Nicaragua; and when I go back I shall be much stronger 
than ever before. 

You may in advance contradict any statements which intimate a viola- 
tion on my part of the neutrality laws. I know the Act of 1818 pretty 
thoroughly and do not intend to violate its provisions. 

Remember me to Mrs. Heiss, and believe me. 

P. S. If convenient at any time let it be known through your paper 
that Lockridge'^ has resigned and has forfeited entirely the confidence 
I once had in him. 

19. WAI.KER, Wm., New Orleans, to Heiss, John P., 

September 24th, 1857. 

I have written to you twice since the first of the month; but I suppose 
you were absent and therefore have not received the letters in due course 
of mail. 

A telegraphic despatch to the N[ew] O.(rleans) Picayune states that 
the C. A. States have addressed a note to the President requesting him 
to avert any expedition from this country.'* Will you be so good as to 
let me know the exact nature of the correspondence (if any) which has 
occurred between the representatives of the C. A. governments and the 
State Department? 

Has Lockridge been in Washington again? He went, I think, to do 
all the harm he could. 

^"Chontales is a hilly district on the east side of Lake Nicaragua and just north 
of the San Juan River. It was at this time sparsely settled and for the most part 
unexplored, and was thought to be rich in minerals. 

^^At the time this letter was written, Walker was in Mobile making' preparations 
to return to Nicaragua. 

_22This is a reference to the Buchanan administration, which, contrary to the 
belief of many historians, manifested no sympathy with the Walker enterprise. 

*'For further details concerning Lockridge, see note 24 to the Ratterman narrative 
preceding these letters. In spite of the complete failure of his relief expedition on 
the San Juan River, Lockridge for a time enjoyed the esteem and confidence of 
Walker's officers after their return to the United States. Later, however, Lockridge 
became disaffected, abandoned Walker, and sought, unsuccessfully, to conduct an 
independent expedition into Mexico. 

^''Senor Louis Molina and Senor Antonio de Irisarri, the former representing Costa 
Rica and the latter Guatemala and San Salvador, had just called the attention of 
Secretary Cass to alleged preparations for another filibustering expedition, and had 
asked that the American government use its naval forces to prevent a landing in any 
Central American port in case the departure from the United States could not be 
prevented. 



WALKER-HEISS PAPERS 343 

20. J. L. Cole," Leon, Nicaragua, to Heiss, John P., Washington, 
D. C, June 20, 1858. 

Sir, I promised to write you on my return to Nicaragua. I arrived 
here some two months since in company with some old friends whom I 
met at Punta Arenas, Costa Rico, & who persuaded me to come here. 
Gen. Jerez"" was one of them. I had scarcely reached this city before 
Martinez sent an order to arrest me & send me out of the country."' The 
Governador to whom I had a letter of introduction from Gen. Jerez, 
who disembarked from the steamer at San Juan del Sur in company with 
President Mora"* M. Belly"" Sr. Nagreti etc., replied that he deemed such 
a course imprudent and calculated to injure the administration, for the 
democrats here would consider it as an act of persecution. Subsequently 
an order was issued by the president to prosecute all fillibusters as those 
who had been with Walker The judge of the court here, a democrat, 
replied that he did not find the crime of fillibusterisme defined in the 
statutes & consequently it did not fall under his jurisdiction. The reply 
was made some three weeks since & as yet I have heard nothing further 
of the matter. I every where heare \_sic'\ an expression of regret that 
Walker had not been more prudent & statesmanlike. The country is poor 
and daily becoming worse. A few days since it was said that Gen. Hen- 
ningsen was in San Juan del Norte with two thousand men. Several 
officers who had previously fought against him, told me that they were 
determined to join him. The Govt, said they can not get a dozen men 
in this department & we are determined that we will not again be the 
means of sacrificing our countrymen in a cause that we cannot defend. 
After several days it was discovered that M. Belly, who had gone to San 
Juan del Norte, had whilst at Castillo Viejo ordered the comandante 
to put that place in order & had written to Gen. Martinez telling him that 
he had found the place badly defended & that he had told the commander 
to put it in a state of defense & also informed the president that an 
expedition was preparing in the U. S. & that he ought to send a quantity 
of provisions to the fort. Gen. Martinez ordered a quantity of corn & 
beans sent from here & this fact gave rise to the belief that the fillibusters 
were again on the River. 

I have said that if the United States know how to take advantage of 
circumstances, she could beat M. Belly & Co. at their own game. Let 
her fall out with this government — surely pretexts are not wanting — and 
send a ship of war to Realejo. This would throw the IMartinez govern- 
ment, with its European tendencies,^" "higher nor a kite" and bring into 

^'Dr. J. L. Cole was an American physician who had married into a Nicaraguan 
family living near Rivas. During the revolution that preceded Walker's arrival he 
had taken sides with the Democratic faction, and when the region around Rivas had 
fallen into the hands of the other party he fled to Costa Rica. Shortly after Walker's 
arrival in Nicaragua he returned and served with the filibuster leader. At the first 
battle of Rivas he acted as guide in the march of Walker's men from Granada to 
that town. This letter throws interesting light on the treatment accorded to the 
followers of Walker who remained in Nicaragua after his withdrawal. It will be 
noted that the Martinez faction (Legitimist) was hostile to the ex-filibusters, while 
the Jerez faction (Democratic), which had invited Walker to Nicaragua, was more 
lenient. 

^''General Maximo Jerez, the most noted of the Democratic leaders in Nicaragua. 

"General Martinez had become President of Nicaragua shortly after the ex- 
pulsion of Walker in May, 1857. As head of the Legitimist party, he had always 
been especially hostile to Americans. 

2sjuan Rafael Mora, the President of Costa Rica. 

28Felix Belly, a French adventurer, then in Nicaragua seeking to obtain conces- 
sions from that State and Costa Rica for the construction of an intercoastal canal. 

^'This is a reference to an act of President Mora and Martinez, who on May i, 
1858, at the instigation of M. Belly, then posing as an emissary of Napoleon III., 
signed a joint declaration placing their countries under the protection of France, 
England and Sardinia, without the knowledge of the European governments con- 
cerned. It would be diflncult to find a more bizarre diplomatic document. See 
British State Papers, XLVIIL, 695-96. 



344 TENNESSEE HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 

power here a class of men now obscure who are in favor of the Ameri- 
canization of the country. Then treaties could be made, first to put the 
entire State under American protection next, and as soon as you in the 
States were ready to receive it, annex it as a territory to the United States. 
This plan was suggested to me by one who has been president & also 
heald [«c] other important positions in the State. He solicited me to 
oppose it to Gen. Cass," but as I have no acquaintance with him I turn 
it over to you hoping that you may be able to suggest it to some one who 
has influence in the government. It is the only way that our government 
can compete with England, France & Spain here. This, too, is the 
opinion of the gentlemen above spoken of. Gen. Lamar,^^ like his pre- 
decessors, has allowed himself to be humbugged. Gary Jones^'' is the only 
American agent since Mr. Squier's mission here that the politicians here 
have not humbugged. Gary drank and appeared to get drunk with a cer- 
tain class of politicians, but seems always to have kept in mind the latin 
proverb "in vino Veritas." In this way he acquired a stock of political 
knowledge, arrived at the general feelings & views of these politicians, 
which he might in vain have sought for under any other circumstances. 
If you write me, do so under cover & directed to J. J. Deshon, Realejo, 
Nica, via Panama. 

21. Jerez, M., to Heiss, J. P. 

Leon, Junio 29, de 1859. 
Muy apreciado Senor mio : 

Tan luego que Llegue a esta Cuidad y escribi al Gobno. se ha dado el 
decreto de convocatoria de que le remito un ejemplar para que pronto se 
acaben de arreglar los asuntos pendientes con los Estados Unidos. Todas 
las opiniones que hasta ahora he oido sonfavorables a mi programa, que 
V. Sabe perfectam[ent]e. Espero que se allanaran algunas pequenas dific- 
ultades que puedan presentarse en el embroUado asunto de transito. Por 
lo que respeta al tratado, lo considero como ya concluido por parte de 
Nicaragua, pues nadie habra que no este porque se quite el unico obice 
que ha habido para su total aceptacion por el Gobierno de los Estados 
Unidos. 

Incluyo a V. un eiemplar de dicho Decreto de Convocatoria, y lan 
niimero de la Gaceta oficial, en que hay un articulo contra los disparates 
que ha estado haciendo Mr. Belly. 

En union de su amable esposa, y con los mas agradecidos recuerdos de 
mi amistad, me suscribo de V. Amo. 

seguro servidor, 

Maximo Jerez. 
[fr?-ans!ation.] 

Leon, 29 June 1859 
Dear Sir : 

As soon as I arrived in this city and had written to the Governor (or 
goverriment) the decree of convocation was issued. I am sending you a 
copy in order that as soon as possible the matters pending with the 
United States may be settled. All the expressions which I have heard 
up to the present are favorable to my program, which you understand 

'iLewis Cass, the American Secretary of State. 

^''General Mirabeau B. Lamar, then minister to Nicaragua. 

^'After the overthrow of Walker the American State Department had sent William 
Carey Jones to Nicaragua as its special agent to report on conditions and to learn 
what steps should be taken to reopen the transit or interoceanic route through that 
country by way of the San Juan river and Lake Nicaragua. During their war with 
Walker the Costa Ricans had closed this route, calling it the "highway offilibus-/ 
terism." If newspaper reports are correct, Jones, with his excessive conviviality, 
made a sorry spectacle of himself and achieved no important results. The writer 
of the above letter, however, seems to think that there was method in his drunken- 
ness. 



WALKER-HEISS PAPERS 345 

thoroughly. I hope that any slight difficulties which may present them- 
selves will be easily cleared away as regards the thorny subject of the 
transit. As regards the treaty, I consider that it is practically closed up, 
so far as Nicaragua is concerned, since surely nobody will be found who 
will not favor the removal of the only obstacle that has existed for its 
complete acceptance by the United States. 

I am inclosing a copy of the Decree of Convocation, and also a copy 
of the Official Gazette, in the latter of which is an article answering the 
foolish assertions which Mr. Belly has been making. 

With regards to your wife and with the pleasantest recollections of our 
friendship, I remain as ever, 

Your affectionate friend and faithful servant, 

Maximo Jerez 

22. Wm. Henry Trescott, Acting Secretary of State, Washington, 

D. C, TO John P. Heiss, Washington, 

July 2, i860 

Herewith you will receive despatches for Mr. Dimitry, our Minister 
to Nicaragua and Costa Rica, which you will proceed to deliver to him 
with all possible expedition. 

Our last communications from him were dated, at San Jose, Costa 
Rica, 31st May, and were received here on the 28th ultimo. Mr. Dimitry 
is probably at this time at San Jose. Whether there, or in Nicaragua, your 
most expeditious route for reaching him is via Aspinwall and Panama. 
At the latter place you will probably learn in which capital he is. 

The steamer "Columbus" plies regularly up and down the coast north 
of Panama. If you find that her' next trip after your arrival there, will 
be made very soon you will take passage in her, and land at Punta Arenas 
or Realejo. You will after finding Mr. Dimitry, await his instructions 
respecting your return. 

Your compensation will be at the rate of six dollars per day, together 
with your actual travelling expenses, which will not, however, include 
your expenses whilst awaiting Mr. Dimitry's instructions. You will take 
vouchers for your expenses wherever practicable. Your compensation will 
commence on the day of receiving these despatches and will terminate on 
your return to this city with Mr. Dimitry's. The sum of $500 is herewith 
advanced to you on account. 

I am, Sir, your obedient servant, 

23. Official Recognition of Heiss as Bearer of Despatches for the 

United 5tates. 
No 

UNITED states OF AMERICA. 

Department of State. 

To all to whom these presents shall come, Greeting : Know ye, that 
the bearer hereof, John P. Heiss, is proceeding to Costa Rica and Nica- 
ragua bearing Despatches from this Department to the Legations of the 
United States there. 

These are therefore to request all whom it may concern to permit him 
to pass freely without let or molestation, and to extend to him such 
friendly aid and protection, as would be extended to Citizens and Sub- 
jects of Foreign Countries, resorting to the United States bearing Des- 
patches from their Governments. 

In testimony whereof, I, William Henry Trescot, Acting Secretary of 
State of the United States of America, have hereunto set my hand and 
caused the seal of this Department to be affixed at Washington, this third 
day of July, A. D. i860 and of the Independence of the United States the 
eighty-fourth. Wm. Henry Trescot 

Acting Secretary of State. 



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